CROSS-STANDARD public interest · Refrigerator / cold appliance
China-to-Nigeria Household Refrigerator Compliance Gap Matrix
AI-compiled from official public sources — cross-checked by multiple AI models, not human-verified. Informational only; see disclaimer. Public-interest, source-linked comparison of Chinese household refrigerator compliance (CCC, GB 4706.13, GB 12021.2) against Nigeria's mandatory SONCAP (SON Conformity Assessment Programme), NIS IEC 60335-2-24 safety standard, energy-efficiency labelling/MEPS, R-600a refrigerant handling, and in-country importer requirements.
Dataset 2026-06-11
Last verified 2026-06-15
7 rows
GAP MATRIX
Compliance Gap Matrix
| Compliance item | Common China baseline | Nigeria (SON / SONCAP) | Gap / action | Source + verification date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) — Household Appliances (SONCAP + NIS CISPR 14 / IEC 60335 family) | China's EMC requirements for household refrigerating appliances are set by GB 4343.1 (electromagnetic compatibility — requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus — Part 1: Emission, equivalent to CISPR 14-1) and GB 4343.2 / GB 17625 series for immunity and harmonics. These standards are part of the CCC certification scope for refrigerators in China and are tested by CNAS-accredited laboratories at 220 V 50 Hz. The technical content closely mirrors CISPR 14, since GB 4343.1 is derived from it. However, Chinese GB 4343.1 CCC test data is issued for the domestic market and is not accepted by SON as a substitute for SONCAP EMC evidence; the data may, in practice, support a fresh SONCAP submission subject to the certification body's acceptance.GB 4343.1 — Electromagnetic compatibility — Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus — Part 1: Emission (equivalent to CISPR 14-1; part of CCC scope) GB 4343.2 — Part 2: Immunity (equivalent to CISPR 14-2) GB 17625.1 — Limits for harmonic current emissions (read with EMC package) |
Refrigerating appliances placed on the Nigerian market must meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements covering both emission and immunity. The Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) adopts the relevant IEC/CISPR standards as Nigerian Industrial Standards: emissions to NIS CISPR 14-1 (electromagnetic compatibility — requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus — Part 1: Emission) and immunity to NIS CISPR 14-2 (Part 2: Immunity). These are demonstrated through the SONCAP conformity assessment alongside electrical safety. Where the appliance contains a radio/wireless module (for example smart-fridge connectivity), separate type approval from the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) is also required for the radio function. EMC test data forms part of the technical package supporting the SON Product Certificate.NIS CISPR 14-1 — Electromagnetic compatibility — Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus — Part 1: Emission (adopted by SON) NIS CISPR 14-2 — Part 2: Immunity (adopted by SON) SON Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP) — EMC evidence forms part of the technical package for the SON Product Certificate Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) type approval — required separately for any embedded radio/wireless module |
Because GB 4343.1 and NIS CISPR 14-1 share the same CISPR base text, the technical EMC content is closely aligned, but procedurally the exporter must present EMC evidence within the SONCAP package rather than relying on the Chinese CCC file. Exporters should: (1) submit emission (CISPR 14-1) and immunity (CISPR 14-2) test reports from a laboratory accepted by their SONCAP licensed certification body; (2) confirm reports cover the appliance as configured for Nigeria (230 V 50 Hz mains conditions); (3) where any smart/connected variant includes a radio module, obtain separate NCC type approval for the radio function — this is outside SONCAP and is frequently overlooked. Existing GB 4343.1 CCC reports may reduce the testing burden but acceptance must be confirmed with the certification body.[INFORMATIONAL] EMC compliance to NIS CISPR 14-1/14-2 is required within the SONCAP package for refrigerating appliances. Chinese GB 4343.1 CCC data is technically aligned but must be re-presented for SONCAP, and acceptance of existing reports is at the certification body's discretion. Any embedded radio/wireless module additionally requires separate NCC type approval, which sits outside SONCAP. | Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Energy Efficiency — Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for Refrigerating Appliances | China sets minimum energy performance and grading for household refrigerating appliances through GB 12021.2 (the minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for household refrigerators), enforced via the China Energy Label scheme administered by the China Energy Label Center (CELC) under SAMR. GB 12021.2 defines energy-efficiency grades and minimum allowable energy-consumption values, tested under the GB test method (aligned with IEC 62552). A China Energy Label (a tiered grade label) is mandatory on refrigerators sold domestically. While the underlying test physics (IEC 62552) overlaps with Nigeria's adopted method, the Chinese grade boundaries, allowable values, and label format are China-specific and the China Energy Label is not recognised by SON for the Nigerian market.GB 12021.2 — Minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for household refrigerators (mandatory China Energy Label scheme) China Energy Label scheme — administered by CELC under SAMR GB test method aligned with IEC 62552 — Household refrigerating appliances — Characteristics and test methods |
Refrigerating appliances entering the Nigerian market are subject to Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS). Nigeria has, with support from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) energy-efficiency programme and the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN), adopted MEPS and labelling requirements for household refrigerators and freezers based on energy consumption performance. Appliances must meet a minimum energy-efficiency threshold and demonstrate energy consumption (kWh/year) and energy-efficiency class through testing to the adopted NIS test method (derived from IEC 62552, household refrigerating appliances — characteristics and test methods). Energy performance evidence is presented within the SONCAP conformity package supporting the SON Product Certificate. Appliances that fall below the MEPS threshold may be refused certification and import clearance.Nigeria Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for refrigerating appliances — Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) / SON NIS test method derived from IEC 62552 — Household refrigerating appliances — Characteristics and test methods ECOWAS Regional Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling programme (regional basis for Nigerian MEPS) |
Although both China's GB 12021.2 and Nigeria's MEPS rest on IEC 62552 test physics, the threshold values, grade boundaries, and acceptance are different and independent. Exporters must: (1) confirm the appliance meets the Nigerian MEPS minimum energy-efficiency threshold for its category, not merely a Chinese grade; (2) obtain an energy-consumption (kWh/year) test report from a laboratory accepted by the SONCAP certification body, using the NIS/IEC 62552 method; (3) note that the Chinese GB 12021.2 grade and China Energy Label do not transfer to Nigeria and the China Energy Label must not be displayed as the Nigerian compliance mark; (4) verify the current Nigerian MEPS threshold and category definitions before submission, as these values are periodically revised. Models that pass China's MEPS may still fail Nigeria's threshold if the threshold is set differently.[INFORMATIONAL] Refrigerating appliances must meet Nigerian MEPS, with energy-consumption evidence (NIS/IEC 62552) presented inside the SONCAP package. China's GB 12021.2 grade and China Energy Label do not transfer to Nigeria. Exporters should confirm the current Nigerian MEPS threshold for the product category before submission, since a model passing in China may not meet a differently set Nigerian threshold. | Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Energy Labelling — Mandatory Energy-Efficiency Label for Refrigerators | China's equivalent is the mandatory China Energy Label (中国能效标识) under the energy-efficiency labelling regulations administered by CELC/SAMR, with the grade and allowable values set by GB 12021.2. The Chinese label is a coloured tiered-grade label in Chinese, displaying the energy-efficiency grade, annual energy consumption, and the product registration record number in the China Energy Label database. It is mandatory for refrigerators sold in China. The Chinese label format, language, rating scale, and registration database are China-specific and are not recognised in Nigeria; a separate Nigerian label and declaration are required.China Energy Label (中国能效标识) — mandatory energy-efficiency label administered by CELC under SAMR GB 12021.2 — grades and allowable values underlying the China Energy Label for refrigerators China Energy Label registration database — product record number shown on the Chinese label |
In addition to meeting MEPS, refrigerating appliances sold in Nigeria are required to carry a Nigerian energy-efficiency label displaying the energy-efficiency class and annual energy consumption (kWh/year), so consumers can compare products. The label scheme is operated under the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) with SON, aligned with the ECOWAS regional labelling framework. The label must be in English, follow the prescribed Nigerian label layout and rating scale, and the declared values must correspond to the energy test report submitted within the SONCAP package. The label is affixed to the appliance and/or shown at point of sale. Mislabelling or display of a foreign (for example Chinese) energy label as the Nigerian mark is not permitted.Nigeria energy-efficiency labelling requirement for refrigerating appliances — Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) / SON ECOWAS Regional Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling programme (regional label framework) NIS test method derived from IEC 62552 — basis for declared energy-consumption values on the label |
Exporters must produce a Nigeria-specific energy label rather than reusing the China Energy Label: (1) the label must be in English, follow the prescribed Nigerian layout and rating scale, and show the energy-efficiency class and annual energy consumption (kWh/year) derived from the NIS/IEC 62552 test; (2) the declared values must match the energy report submitted for SONCAP; (3) the Chinese label (Chinese language, China grade scale, China registration number) must be removed or not presented as the Nigerian compliance label; (4) where labels are printed at the factory in China, the production line must apply the correct Nigeria-market label SKU to Nigeria-bound units. Practical risk: shipping units that still carry only the Chinese label, or that declare a Chinese grade not matching the Nigerian rating, can lead to SONCAP non-conformity and clearance delays at Lagos or Onne.[INFORMATIONAL] A Nigeria-specific, English-language energy-efficiency label is mandatory for refrigerators, with values matching the SONCAP energy test report. The China Energy Label does not transfer and must not be presented as the Nigerian mark. Exporters should ensure Nigeria-bound units carry the correct Nigerian label SKU off the production line to avoid SONCAP non-conformity and port delays. | Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Market Access — SONCAP Product Certificate and Per-Shipment SONCAP Certificate | China's analogous market-entry control for refrigerators is the China Compulsory Certification (CCC / 3C) mark, administered by SAMR/CNCA and issued by designated certification bodies based on GB 4706.13 (safety) and GB 4343.1 (EMC) testing plus factory inspection. CCC is a domestic placing-on-market control: a product-level certification with a factory surveillance regime, not a per-shipment export document. There is no Chinese equivalent of a per-consignment SONCAP Certificate; CCC governs sale within China only. A Chinese CCC certificate does not satisfy SONCAP and cannot be used to clear goods at Nigerian ports — SON requires its own PC and SC.China Compulsory Certification (CCC / 3C) — mandatory product certification administered by SAMR/CNCA GB 4706.13-2014 and GB 4343.1 — standards underpinning CCC for refrigerators (safety and EMC) CCC factory inspection / surveillance regime — domestic placing-on-market control (no per-shipment export certificate) |
Refrigerating appliances are regulated products under the SON Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP), Nigeria's mandatory pre-import conformity scheme run by the Standards Organisation of Nigeria. Two key documents are required: (1) a Product Certificate (PC) — issued after the product model demonstrates conformity to the applicable NIS/IEC standards (IEC 60335-2-24 safety, CISPR 14 EMC, IEC 62552 energy/MEPS) via accepted test reports, and valid for a defined period or production run; and (2) a SONCAP Certificate (SC) — issued per shipment/consignment, referencing the Product Certificate, and required for customs clearance at Nigerian ports. Goods arriving without a valid SONCAP Certificate face detention, destination inspection, demurrage, re-export, or rejection. SONCAP is administered through SON-appointed licensed certification bodies/agents that issue the PC and SC after document and (where required) inspection checks.SON Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP) — mandatory pre-import conformity scheme of the Standards Organisation of Nigeria SONCAP Product Certificate (PC) and per-shipment SONCAP Certificate (SC) — required documents for import clearance Standards Organisation of Nigeria Act — legal basis for SON standards enforcement and conformity assessment |
A Chinese CCC certificate provides no clearance route into Nigeria. Exporters must: (1) engage a SON-licensed certification body and route the model through SONCAP to obtain a Product Certificate, supported by test reports covering safety (IEC 60335-2-24), EMC (CISPR 14), and energy/MEPS (IEC 62552); (2) for every consignment, apply for a SONCAP Certificate before shipment or before arrival, referencing the PC, commercial invoice, and packing details; (3) plan lead time — the per-shipment SC must be in hand for customs at Lagos (Apapa/Tin Can) or Onne, or the goods risk detention, destination inspection, demurrage, or re-export; (4) keep the PC valid and matched to the exact model/SKU on each invoice — mismatches between the certified model and the shipped model are a common cause of SONCAP rejection. Unlike CCC (one domestic certificate), SONCAP imposes recurring per-shipment paperwork that must be budgeted into every order.[INFORMATIONAL] SONCAP is mandatory for refrigerators: a Product Certificate (model-level, via accepted test reports) plus a per-shipment SONCAP Certificate are required for customs clearance at Lagos or Onne. Chinese CCC does not satisfy SONCAP and cannot clear goods. Exporters must budget recurring per-consignment certification and keep the PC matched to the exact shipped model to avoid detention and demurrage. | Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Market Access — In-Country Nigerian Importer / Consignee and Product Registration | In China, placing a domestically produced refrigerator on the home market does not require a separate in-country importer — the manufacturer holds the CCC certificate and sells directly or through domestic distributors. There is no Form M, PAAR, or per-shipment consignee-of-record requirement for domestic sales. The concept of an in-country registered importer who is the party of record for customs clearance is specific to cross-border importation into Nigeria and has no domestic Chinese equivalent for a China-made product sold in China. For Chinese exporters this means the importer-of-record function must be newly arranged in Nigeria, separate from any existing Chinese distribution relationship.China domestic sale model — manufacturer holds CCC certificate; no in-country importer-of-record required for home-market placement No Chinese domestic equivalent of Form M / PAAR / per-shipment consignee requirement for China-made goods sold in China |
Importation of refrigerating appliances into Nigeria must be carried out through a registered in-country Nigerian importer/consignee. The foreign manufacturer/exporter generally cannot clear goods directly; a Nigerian-registered importer (with a Tax Identification Number and the relevant import documentation, including Form M processed through an authorised dealer bank and a Pre-Arrival Assessment Report / PAAR via the Nigeria Customs Service) is required for the consignment. The importer is the party of record for customs clearance, holds or is named on import documentation, and is typically the consignee on the SONCAP Certificate. The product/SONCAP and import documentation chain (Form M, SONCAP PC and SC, commercial invoice, bill of lading) must be consistent in importer identity, product description, and HS code for clearance at Lagos (Apapa/Tin Can) or Onne.Nigeria Customs Service import procedures — Form M (via authorised dealer bank) and Pre-Arrival Assessment Report (PAAR) SONCAP consignee/importer requirement — the SONCAP Certificate is issued to a Nigerian-registered importer/consignee Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) Tax Identification Number (TIN) — required registration for the importer of record |
Chinese exporters must establish the Nigerian importer/consignee function before goods can clear: (1) appoint or contract a Nigerian-registered importer of record with a valid TIN, who opens Form M through an authorised dealer bank and obtains the PAAR from the Nigeria Customs Service; (2) ensure the SONCAP Certificate is issued to that importer/consignee and that importer identity is consistent across Form M, SONCAP, invoice, and bill of lading; (3) align HS code and product description across all documents to avoid clearance disputes; (4) recognise that without a credible in-country importer there is no lawful clearance route, even with a valid SONCAP PC and SC. Practical risk: appointing an unprepared importer, or document inconsistencies (importer name, product description, HS code) between the SONCAP chain and the Form M/PAAR chain, are frequent causes of port detention and demurrage at Lagos or Onne.[INFORMATIONAL] A Nigerian in-country importer/consignee of record (with TIN, Form M, and PAAR) is required to clear refrigerating appliances, and the SONCAP Certificate is issued to that importer. This function has no domestic Chinese equivalent and must be newly arranged. Importer identity, product description, and HS code must be consistent across the SONCAP and Form M/PAAR document chains to avoid detention and demurrage at Lagos or Onne. | Nigeria Customs Service2026-06-15 · reference |
| Refrigerant — R-600a Flammable Refrigerant Handling and Charge Documentation (NIS IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA) | China addresses flammable-refrigerant requirements for household refrigerating appliances within GB 4706.13-2014, which incorporates R-600a flammability provisions derived from IEC 60335-2-24 (charge limits, ventilation, ignition-source control). Chinese refrigerator production has overwhelmingly transitioned to R-600a for domestic and export models. China operates its own HFC phase-down under the Kigali Amendment (ratified June 2021), administered by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), separate from any Nigerian scheme. Because both Nigeria's NIS and China's GB derive from the same IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA text, the underlying refrigerant-safety requirements are closely aligned, so Chinese exporters of R-600a units are generally well-positioned on the refrigerant aspect.GB 4706.13-2014 — Flammable refrigerant (R-600a) provisions for household refrigerating appliances (derived from IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA) GB 9237 — Safety requirements for refrigerating systems and heat pumps Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol — China HFC phase-down schedule (ratified June 2021, administered by MEE) |
Household refrigerators imported into Nigeria predominantly use R-600a (isobutane, GWP approximately 3), a low-GWP hydrocarbon refrigerant. Within the SONCAP/NIS framework the refrigerant is governed primarily through the safety standard: NIS IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA sets flammable-refrigerant requirements covering maximum R-600a charge per compartment configuration, ventilation, ignition-source control, and marking. Manufacturers must: (1) verify the R-600a charge in the appliance complies with the Annex AA charge limits for its configuration; (2) declare the refrigerant designation (R-600a / isobutane) and charge quantity in grams in the product documentation and on the rating plate; (3) provide handling and safety precautions for the flammable refrigerant. Nigeria is a party to the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment and operates an HFC phase-down through its National Ozone Office, which favours low-GWP refrigerants such as R-600a; however there is no Nigeria-specific F-Gas charge-certification regime equivalent to the EU for domestic appliances.NIS IEC 60335-2-24 — Annex AA: Requirements for appliances using flammable refrigerants (R-600a charge limits, ventilation, ignition source control) — adopted by SON ISO 817 — Refrigerants — Designation and safety classification (R-600a classified A3: higher flammability) Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment — Nigeria HFC phase-down administered by the National Ozone Office (Federal Ministry of Environment) |
For R-600a appliances the gap is mainly documentation and charge verification rather than a technology change: (1) the SONCAP technical package and product documentation must explicitly state the refrigerant designation (R-600a / isobutane), the charge weight in grams, and the flammable-refrigerant safety precautions per NIS IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA; (2) the actual R-600a charge must be confirmed against the Annex AA maximum limits for the appliance configuration — Chinese CCC test reports may not explicitly restate the charge against the same configuration assessed for Nigeria; (3) rating-plate and manual markings (in English) must carry the flammable-refrigerant warning symbols. Because both markets share the IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA basis, no separate Nigerian F-Gas certification or refrigerant-handling licence is triggered for domestic R-600a appliances, but documentation completeness should be verified before each SONCAP submission.[INFORMATIONAL] R-600a is the dominant refrigerant for both Chinese and Nigeria-bound household refrigerators and the NIS IEC 60335-2-24 Annex AA basis is shared, so this is largely a documentation gap. Manufacturers must verify R-600a charge against Annex AA limits for the Nigeria configuration and clearly declare refrigerant type, charge weight in grams, and flammable-refrigerant markings in the SONCAP package. | Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Electrical Safety — Household Refrigerating Appliances (SONCAP + NIS IEC 60335-2-24) | China's mandatory safety standard for household refrigerating appliances is GB 4706.13-2014 (Safety of household and similar electrical appliances — Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice-makers), technically derived from IEC 60335-2-24:2010 with Chinese national deviations and read with GB 4706.1 (general requirements). GB 4706.13 is mandatory and enforced by SAMR under the China Compulsory Certification (CCC) regime; products must be CCC-certified by a CNCA-designated body before sale in China. Because Nigeria's NIS adopts the same IEC 60335-2-24 base text, the underlying technical content is closely aligned. However, CCC certificates and GB 4706.13 test reports are issued for the Chinese market at 220 V 50 Hz and are NOT accepted by SON in place of SONCAP; a separate conformity assessment leading to a SON Product Certificate is required.GB 4706.13-2014 — Safety of household and similar electrical appliances — Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice-makers (mandatory; derived from IEC 60335-2-24:2010 with national deviations; enforced under CCC by SAMR/CNCA) GB 4706.1-2005 — General requirements (read in conjunction with GB 4706.13) |
Household refrigerating appliances (refrigerators, freezers, refrigerator-freezer combinations) imported into Nigeria must demonstrate electrical safety conformity to the Nigerian Industrial Standard adopting IEC 60335-2-24 (Safety of household and similar electrical appliances — Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice-makers), read together with the general standard NIS IEC 60335-1. The Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) adopts IEC standards as NIS and enforces compliance through the mandatory SON Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP). Test reports must demonstrate the product is rated and safe at the Nigerian nominal supply of 230 V 50 Hz. Key requirements mirror IEC 60335-2-24: protection against electric shock; insulation resistance and dielectric strength; earthing continuity; creepage and clearance distances; thermal cut-outs; mechanical strength; and appliance markings. Conformity is evidenced by an accredited-laboratory test report and a SON Product Certificate, which underpins the per-shipment SONCAP Certificate required before customs clearance.NIS IEC 60335-2-24 — Safety of household and similar electrical appliances — Part 2-24: Particular requirements for refrigerating appliances, ice-cream appliances and ice-makers (adopted by SON as Nigerian Industrial Standard) NIS IEC 60335-1 — General requirements (read in conjunction with Part 2-24) SON Conformity Assessment Programme (SONCAP) — mandatory pre-import conformity scheme administered by the Standards Organisation of Nigeria |
Although Nigeria's NIS IEC 60335-2-24 and China's GB 4706.13 share the same IEC base text, Chinese CCC certification does not satisfy Nigerian market access. Exporters must: (1) enrol the product in SONCAP and obtain a SON Product Certificate, supported by a test report from a SON-accepted/accredited laboratory covering IEC 60335-2-24 (and IEC 60335-1); (2) ensure ratings, marking, and test conditions reflect the Nigerian 230 V 50 Hz nominal supply rather than China's 220 V — a re-statement or supplementary test of voltage-dependent ratings may be required; (3) confirm that plug/socket and earthing configurations suit the Nigerian installed base (Nigeria predominantly uses BS 1363 / Type G outlets); (4) obtain, for each consignment, a SONCAP Certificate before goods can be cleared at Lagos (Apapa/Tin Can) or Onne. CB Scheme (IEC 60335-2-24) reports may reduce re-testing scope at the laboratory stage — manufacturers should verify acceptance with their SONCAP licensed certification body.[INFORMATIONAL] SONCAP certification to NIS IEC 60335-2-24 is mandatory for household refrigerating appliances entering Nigeria. Although Nigeria and China share the IEC 60335-2-24 base text, Chinese CCC/GB 4706.13 certification does not satisfy SONCAP; a SON Product Certificate plus a per-shipment SONCAP Certificate is required, with ratings reflecting 230 V 50 Hz. IECEE CB Scheme reports may reduce laboratory re-testing — verify acceptance with your SONCAP licensed certification body. | Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON)2026-06-15 · reference |
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SOURCES
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- Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 4 rows
- Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 2 rows
- Nigeria Customs Service · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 1 rows