CROSS-STANDARD public interest · Battery energy storage (BESS)
China-to-Belgium BESS Compliance Gap Matrix
AI-compiled from official public sources — cross-checked by multiple AI models, not human-verified. Informational only; see disclaimer. Public-interest, source-linked comparison of common China battery energy storage documentation against Belgium (NBN / CREG / Elia) requirements for EU CE framework compliance (LVD 2014/35/EU, EMC 2014/30/EU, RED 2014/53/EU, and Battery Regulation 2023/1542), transport, safety, grid interconnection, and destination-country due-diligence expectations, with Antwerp and Zeebrugge as the main ports. Regional electricity regulators (VREG for Flanders, CWaPE for Wallonia, BRUGEL for Brussels) supplement CREG federal oversight.
Dataset 2026-06-11
Last verified 2026-06-15
7 rows
GAP MATRIX
Compliance Gap Matrix
| Compliance item | Common China baseline | Belgium (NBN / CREG / Elia) | Gap / action | Source + verification date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fire Safety & Thermal Runaway Propagation — BESS (EU/International) | GB/T 36276-2023 (revised, released 6 August 2023 by SAC/SAMR, in force from 1 March 2024, superseding GB/T 36276-2018) covers lithium-ion battery packs and systems for stationary energy storage, including thermal-runaway tests at cell and module level. The 2023 revision tightened test conditions (e.g. external short-circuit resistance reduced from 5 mΩ to 1 mΩ) and expanded abuse-test coverage. However, the propagation-prevention test methodology and pass/fail thresholds differ from IEC 62933-5-2. GB/T 36276 does not adopt UL 9540A protocols, and system-level fire-compartment propagation data generated under Chinese test conditions is generally not in the format required by EU installers or AHJs.GB/T 36276-2023 — Lithium-ion battery packs and systems for electric energy storage (released 6 August 2023, in force 1 March 2024, supersedes GB/T 36276-2018; recommended national standard) GB/T 51048-2025 — Standard for Design of Electrochemical Energy Storage Power Station (supersedes GB 51048-2014; issued 31 December 2025, effective 1 April 2026) |
IEC 62933-5-2:2020 sets safety requirements for grid-connected energy storage systems, including evaluation of thermal runaway propagation at cell, module and system level. Ed 2.0 remains in development and does not supersede the 2020 edition for this dataset. Installations must demonstrate that thermal runaway in one cell does not propagate uncontrolled to adjacent cells/modules. Many EU member-state building codes and installers additionally require UL 9540A fire-test data to quantify heat release and propagation risk for fire-compartment design. EN IEC 62933-5-2 is the harmonised European adoption (harmonised status under OJ review as of 2026-06-11). In Belgium, the Federal Public Service Interior (SPF Intérieur/FOD Binnenlandse Zaken) enforces building fire safety rules, and regional planning permits incorporate fire-safety documentation requirements for stationary BESS installations.IEC 62933-5-2:2020 — Electrical energy storage (EES) systems – Part 5-2: Safety requirements for grid-integrated EES systems EN IEC 62933-5-2 (harmonised EU adoption — harmonised status under review as of 2026-06-11 due to Malamud ruling) ANSI/CAN/UL 9540A:2025 (5th Edition, published March 12, 2025) — Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems (supersedes the 2019 4th Edition; a 6th Edition was published March 2026) |
Key gap: Chinese test reports under GB/T 36276 typically do not include the system-level thermal-runaway propagation test data required by IEC 62933-5-2 Annex C, nor UL 9540A heat-release-rate (HRR) and fire-spread data needed for EU building/fire-compartment approvals. EU installers and AHJs increasingly request UL 9540A-format data even where not legally mandated, because it feeds fire-compartment sizing calculations. In Belgium, building-permit and fire-safety documentation for commercial BESS installations must address the federal fire-safety code and regional environmental-permit requirements (e.g., Flanders VLAREM, Wallonia CWEA). Chinese manufacturers rarely commission UL 9540A tests. This documentation gap is a frequent barrier at the EU project-finance and permitting stage.[INFORMATIONAL] INFORMATIONAL ONLY — Chinese BESS products certified to GB/T 36276 alone are likely to face documentation gaps when seeking EU project permits or financing, specifically the absence of IEC 62933-5-2 system-level thermal-runaway propagation test data and UL 9540A fire-spread data. In Belgium, regional environmental and building permits (VLAREM in Flanders, CWEA in Wallonia) add local fire-safety documentation requirements beyond the EU CE baseline. Manufacturers targeting Belgium should commission supplementary testing and verify current harmonisation status with a qualified EU certifier. | Bureau for Standardisation (NBN)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Grid Connection Requirements for BESS Power Conversion System (PCS / Storage Inverter) | In China, grid-connected storage inverters (PCS) are governed primarily by GB/T 34120-2023 (Technical Requirements for Power Conversion System of Electrochemical Energy Storage System), which superseded GB/T 34120-2017. The 2023 revision extended the AC output voltage upper limit to 35 kV, added fault ride-through (LVRT/HVRT) and primary frequency response requirements, and updated product classification. GB/T 19964-2024 (Technical Requirements for Photovoltaic Power Station Connected to Power System) is sometimes referenced for inverter grid-connection behaviour. The National Energy Administration (NEA) and grid companies (State Grid / Southern Grid) also issue enterprise standards (Q/GDW series) for energy storage grid connection.GB/T 34120-2023 — Technical Requirements for Power Conversion System of Electrochemical Energy Storage System (SAMR/SAC; supersedes GB/T 34120-2017; recommended national standard) GB/T 19964-2024 (SAC) Q/GDW 1564-2014 (State Grid enterprise standard — current supersession status not publicly confirmable; verify with State Grid or SAC for any post-2020 revision) |
BESS storage inverters (PCS) connecting to Belgian grids must comply with EN 50549-1 (low voltage, ≤16 A/phase) or EN 50549-2 (medium voltage), which specify requirements for generating plants up to 75 kVA and above connected in parallel with the public distribution network, including voltage/frequency ride-through, reactive power capability, anti-islanding, and reconnection limits. Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (Requirements for Generators, RfG) sets binding requirements for power-generating modules above the thresholds defined by each member state. In Belgium, Elia (transmission system operator) applies C10/11 technical regulations for connection of generation to the high-voltage grid, and regional DSOs (Fluvius in Flanders/Brussels, ORES/RESA in Wallonia) apply their own low-voltage and medium-voltage grid-connection codes. Belgian grid is 230/400 V 50 Hz.EN 50549-1:2019 (CENELEC) EN 50549-2:2019 (CENELEC) Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 — Requirements for Generators (RfG) Elia C10/11 — Technical regulations for connection of generating installations to the Elia high-voltage grid (Belgium) Fluvius grid-connection codes for low-voltage and medium-voltage generation (Flanders/Brussels) ORES/RESA grid-connection technical rules (Wallonia) |
Chinese GB/T 34120 is not accepted as equivalent to EN 50549-1/-2 or Belgian DSO/Elia grid codes for EU market access. PCS units exported from China must be re-tested and re-certified to EN 50549-1 or EN 50549-2 by a recognised test laboratory, and must satisfy Elia C10/11 and the applicable DSO grid code in the relevant Belgian region (Fluvius in Flanders/Brussels, ORES/RESA in Wallonia). The EU RfG Regulation (2016/631) is directly applicable law. Key technical gaps include different voltage/frequency ride-through profiles, reactive power Q(U) curves, reconnection delay settings, and communication protocol requirements. Belgian DSOs may also require documentation in Dutch or French.[INFORMATIONAL] Chinese PCS / storage inverters certified only to GB/T 34120 are NOT compliant for Belgian or EU grid connection. Full re-testing to EN 50549-1 or EN 50549-2 and satisfaction of Elia C10/11 and the applicable regional DSO grid code is required before connecting to the Belgian grid. Engage an accredited EU test laboratory early in the product development cycle and verify Dutch/French documentation requirements with the relevant DSO. | Elia (Belgian Transmission System Operator)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Lithium-Ion Cell and Battery Safety for Industrial Applications | GB/T 36276-2023 (Electric Energy Storage Lithium-Ion Batteries) is a recommended Chinese national standard for lithium-ion batteries used in power energy storage systems. It specifies safety performance requirements including electrical, mechanical, environmental, and abuse tests for cells and battery packs, but its GB/T status means it is not itself the compulsory national requirement. China's compulsory cell and battery safety standard for electric energy storage is GB 44240-2024. Testing expectations may still reference GB/T 36276 in projects or procurement, but mandatory-status conclusions should be based on GB 44240-2024 and the applicable regulator or grid-operator requirements.GB/T 36276-2023 — recommended national standard for electric energy storage lithium-ion batteries GB 44240-2024 — compulsory safety requirement for lithium-ion cells and batteries for electric energy storage |
EN IEC 62619:2022 sets safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries used in industrial applications, including BESS. It covers abuse testing (overcharge, over-discharge, short-circuit, thermal, crush), BMS requirements, and marking. CE marking under LVD 2014/35/EU requires harmonised standard compliance; EN IEC 62619 is listed in the LVD Official Journal as a harmonised standard. EN IEC 63056 covers secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems.EN IEC 62619:2022 EN IEC 63056:2020 LVD 2014/35/EU |
Chinese GB/T 36276 / GB 44240 test protocols and pass/fail criteria differ from EN IEC 62619 in several areas: nail penetration test conditions, thermal runaway propagation testing (required by EN IEC 62619 Annex C, not directly equivalent), and BMS functional safety depth. EU importers require a Declaration of Conformity and technical file under LVD; Chinese test reports or certificates are not recognised by EU notified bodies as substitutes. Manufacturers must re-test to EN IEC 62619 / EN IEC 63056 at an EU-recognised lab and issue EU DoC even if Chinese GB/T 36276 or GB 44240 evidence exists.[INFORMATIONAL] Chinese GB/T 36276-2023 or GB 44240-2024 evidence does not satisfy EU LVD requirements. Separate EN IEC 62619:2022 and/or EN IEC 63056:2020 testing at an EU-recognised laboratory and issuance of an EU Declaration of Conformity are required before placing BESS on the Belgian or EU market. | Bureau for Standardisation (NBN)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Safety — System Level | GB/T 36558-2023 (General Technical Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Systems Connected to Power Systems) specifies system-level technical and safety requirements for grid-connected BESS in China, including electrical performance, protection, communication, and safety functions. It is a recommended (non-mandatory) national standard but is referenced in grid-connection agreements with State Grid and China Southern Power Grid, making it effectively mandatory for grid-connected projects. As of mid-2026, no Chinese national standard contains thermal runaway propagation prevention test requirements directly equivalent to IEC 62933-5-2 Annex B; this gap is a recognised regulatory difference between the Chinese and EU frameworks.GB/T 36558-2023 GB/T 34131-2023 — Battery Management System for Electric Energy Storage (supersedes GB/T 34131-2017; published and in force October 2023; recommended national standard covering BMS requirements for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, lead-acid, flow, and hydrogen fuel-cell based storage) |
IEC 62933-5-2:2020 (Electrical Energy Storage Systems — Safety requirements for grid-integrated electrical energy storage systems) defines system-level safety requirements for BESS connected to the grid, including hazard identification, risk assessment, thermal runaway propagation prevention, fire suppression, and installation safety. Ed 2.0 remains in development and does not supersede the 2020 edition for this dataset. EN IEC 62040 series covers UPS and power conversion safety. Under EU law, compliance with the essential safety requirements of LVD 2014/35/EU and Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 is mandatory; harmonised standards such as IEC/EN 62933-5-2 are voluntary and provide a presumption of conformity only when their references are published in the EU Official Journal (OJ). The EU Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 additionally imposes lifecycle, due-diligence, and carbon-footprint requirements on industrial batteries.IEC 62933-5-2:2020 EN IEC 62040-1:2019 Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (EU Battery Regulation) LVD 2014/35/EU |
IEC 62933-5-2 thermal runaway propagation prevention requirements (Annex B) and fire-suppression system mandates have no direct equivalent in Chinese national standards as of mid-2026. EU Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 imposes due-diligence, carbon footprint declaration, and battery passport requirements not present in Chinese regulation. Chinese exporters must conduct system-level risk assessment per IEC 62933-5-2 and obtain EU DoC; GB/T 36558 compliance reports are not accepted as EU market-access evidence.[INFORMATIONAL] Chinese GB/T 36558 compliance does not satisfy EU requirements. EU market access in Belgium requires CE marking and satisfaction of the essential safety requirements of LVD 2014/35/EU and Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542. IEC/EN 62933-5-2 may be used to support system-level conformity if its reference is OJ-listed or as technical evidence where it is not. EU Declaration of Conformity, technical file, and battery passport (from 18 February 2027) are all required. | Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation (CREG)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Low Voltage Directive — Electrical Safety for BESS Equipment | China does not have a direct equivalent to the LVD CE-marking framework. Electrical safety for BESS in China is governed by GB 44240-2024 for compulsory cell/battery safety, GB/T 36276-2023 as a recommended cell/battery safety standard, GB/T 36558-2023 at system level, and sector-specific grid-connection technical specifications issued by State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid. CCC (China Compulsory Certification) applies to certain electrical products — stationary BESS systems have not been brought into CCC scope under any publicly confirmed CNCA announcement as of mid-2026; verify with CNCA for any post-2025 changes. Safety certification is primarily managed through NEA project approval and grid-operator technical review.GB 44240-2024 GB/T 36276-2023 GB/T 36558-2023 CCC (3C) certification scheme (stationary BESS has not been brought into CCC scope under any publicly confirmed CNCA announcement as of mid-2026 — verify with CNCA for any post-2025 changes) |
LVD 2014/35/EU requires all electrical equipment operating between 50–1000 V AC or 75–1500 V DC placed on the EU market to be safe and CE marked. For BESS, this covers the battery system, inverter/PCS, switchgear, and enclosures. The manufacturer must prepare a technical file, conduct conformity assessment (typically internal production control for harmonised-standard-covered products), and issue an EU Declaration of Conformity. Harmonised standards EN IEC 62619, EN IEC 63056, and IEC 62933-5-2 provide presumption of conformity with LVD essential safety requirements.LVD 2014/35/EU EN IEC 62619:2022 EN IEC 63056:2020 IEC 62933-5-2:2020 |
China's project-approval and grid-operator review model does not produce the product-level EU DoC and technical file required by LVD 2014/35/EU. Chinese exporters must appoint an EU Authorised Representative, compile an LVD-compliant technical file (risk assessment, test reports to harmonised standards, instructions in Dutch and/or French for Belgium), and self-declare or engage a notified body. No bilateral mutual recognition agreement (MRA) covers electrical safety between China and the EU for BESS products, so Chinese test reports must be supplemented or replaced by tests at EU-recognised (ILAC MRA) laboratories. Belgian market surveillance is conducted by the FPS Economy.[INFORMATIONAL] Chinese safety approvals (NEA project approval, grid-operator certificates, GB 36276 test reports) do not constitute LVD compliance. EU market access in Belgium requires a product-level EU Declaration of Conformity, an LVD-compliant technical file, CE marking, and an appointed EU Authorised Representative. Technical instructions and user documentation in Dutch and/or French are commonly required for the Belgian market. | Bureau for Standardisation (NBN)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Lithium Battery Transport Safety Testing — UN 38.3 | China applies the same UN 38.3 test standard for export shipments and mirrors it in national regulations. For road transport, the standard GB 15599 (Safety requirements for transport of lithium batteries by road) references UN 38.3. China's GB 38031-2020 (Electric vehicles traction battery safety requirements) mandates UN 38.3-equivalent tests for vehicle-grade cells but is not a transport regulation. Export customs and the Ministry of Transport require a valid UN 38.3 test report and dangerous goods declaration (危险货物运输申报) per JT/T 617 (road) and IMDG/IATA rules for maritime/air. The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) DGR follows IATA. The exact current edition of GB 15599 and any amendments issued after 2024 are not publicly confirmable via open sources — verify the current edition via SAC or the Ministry of Transport before relying on it.UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Section 38.3 (adopted for export) GB 38031-2020 — Electric vehicles traction battery safety requirements (cell-level UN 38.3 equivalent) GB 15599 — Safety requirements for transport of lithium batteries by road (current edition not publicly confirmable via open sources — verify via SAC or Ministry of Transport before relying on it) JT/T 617 — Regulations for road transport of dangerous goods CAAC Dangerous Goods Regulations (aligned with IATA DGR) |
All lithium cells and batteries (including BESS modules) shipped internationally must pass the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, Section 38.3 test series (T1–T8: altitude simulation, thermal, vibration, shock, external short circuit, impact/crush, overcharge, forced discharge). The current edition is Rev.8 (2023) with Amendment 1 (2025) (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.8). A UN 38.3 test summary or full test report must accompany each shipment. The UN number classification is UN 3480 (lithium-ion batteries, packed alone) or UN 3481 (lithium-ion batteries contained in or packed with equipment). Transport by road in Europe is governed by ADR (European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road); by sea by IMDG Code; by air by IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations. For Belgium, the main entry ports are Antwerp and Zeebrugge, both of which are major international container hubs with strictly enforced dangerous goods handling procedures.UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, Section 38.3 (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.8 (2023) and Amendment 1 (2025)) UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, 23rd revised edition — UN 3480 / UN 3481 ADR 2025 — European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Special Provisions 188, 230, 310, 348, 636, 670) IMDG Code, Amendment 41-22 — Special Provisions 188, 230, 310, 348, 384, 636 IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) 65th Edition 2024 — Special Provisions A88, A99, A154, A164, A183, A201, A206 |
Both EU/international and China require UN 38.3 testing, so the test protocol itself is not a gap. The gaps lie in documentation and enforcement: (1) EU/ADR strictly enforces the UN 38.3 test summary requirement at the shipper level — the summary must be available on request for every consignment, including cell-level data; CN exporters sometimes hold only a product certificate without the full T1–T8 summary. (2) ADR 2025 introduces updated provisions on state-of-charge (SOC ≤30%) limits and packaging requirements for large-format BESS cells. (3) IATA PI 965/966/967 Section II thresholds (Wh limits per package) are strictly enforced by EU carriers. (4) For Belgium specifically, the Port of Antwerp (PoA) and Port of Zeebrugge (MBZ) apply the IMDG Code and port-specific dangerous goods handling rules; terminal operators may impose additional pre-notification requirements for large-energy BESS shipments. Belgian Federal Police and customs (AGDA) enforce ADR on Belgian roads. EU member states including Belgium may require additional national notifications for BESS transported by road above certain energy thresholds.[INFORMATIONAL] Informational only. A Chinese BESS exporter shipping to Belgium must hold a valid UN 38.3 test report (T1–T8 summary) for every cell/module type, classify under UN 3480 or UN 3481, comply with ADR (road), IMDG (sea via Antwerp/Zeebrugge), or IATA (air via Brussels Airport) packaging and documentation requirements, and ensure SOC does not exceed 30% where required. Port of Antwerp and Zeebrugge terminal operators may impose additional pre-notification requirements for large-energy BESS shipments. Consult a certified dangerous goods safety adviser (DGSA) before first shipment. | Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation (CREG)2026-06-15 · reference |
| Dangerous Goods Classification, Packaging & Documentation — ADR / IMDG / IATA | China's export dangerous goods documentation requirements align with IMDG and IATA for sea and air freight. For road within China, JT/T 617.1-2018 (Classification of dangerous goods for road transport) and JT/T 617.4-2018 (Packaging and labelling) apply. The China Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC) DGR mirrors IATA PI 965/966/967. Export customs (GACC) requires a dangerous goods inspection certificate (危险品检验证书) for certain battery shipments. Packaging must meet GB 12463 (General technical requirements for dangerous goods transport packaging) for domestic road, or UN-certified packaging for export. The precise scope of GACC inspection certificate requirements for BESS exports is subject to GACC administrative announcements that change periodically; verify the current requirements directly with a licensed Chinese customs broker or GACC before shipment.JT/T 617.1-2018 — Classification of dangerous goods for road transport (China) JT/T 617.4-2018 — Packaging and labelling for dangerous goods road transport (China) GB 12463 — General technical requirements for dangerous goods transport packaging CAAC Dangerous Goods Regulations (aligned with IATA DGR — exact current edition year not publicly confirmable via open sources; verify via CAAC or a certified DGR trainer before reliance) GACC dangerous goods inspection requirements for battery exports (exact threshold and scope subject to periodic GACC administrative announcements — verify with a licensed Chinese customs broker before shipment) |
Beyond UN 38.3 testing, EU/international transport law requires: (a) correct UN number (UN 3480/3481) and packing group on all shipping documents; (b) compliant outer packaging (UN-certified for full lithium batteries, or Section II packaging for consumer-type); (c) shipper's Declaration for Dangerous Goods (DGD) for air, or Dangerous Goods Transport Document for road/sea; (d) emergency response information (e.g., ERG, MSDS/SDS); (e) placarding and labelling of packages and vehicles (Class 9 hazard label, lithium battery mark). ADR Chapter 3.3 Special Provision 377 and ADR 2.2.9.1 govern large-format batteries. State-of-charge (SOC) limits apply: ≤30% for air (IATA PI 965 Section IB), and in certain ADR provisions. In Belgium, road transport enforcement falls under the Belgian Federal Police and regional transport inspectorates.ADR 2025 — Chapter 3.3 SP 377, SP 188, SP 230; Section 2.2.9.1; Packing Instructions P903, P908 IMDG Code Amendment 41-22 — SP 188, SP 230, SP 384; Packing Instructions P903, P908 IATA DGR 65th Edition 2024 — Packing Instructions PI 965, PI 966, PI 967; Special Provisions A88, A99, A154, A164, A183 UN Model Regulations 23rd revised edition — Chapter 3.3, Chapter 6.1 packaging requirements Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) — for SDS/labelling obligations where applicable |
Key gaps for a Chinese BESS exporter shipping to Belgium: (1) EU ADR requires a Dangerous Goods Safety Adviser (DGSA) to be appointed by the carrier — this role is not always mirrored in CN export logistics chains. (2) EU carriers and ports strictly enforce the Class 9 lithium battery mark (IEC 62133-format label with watt-hour rating) on each package outer; CN factories may use older label formats. (3) ADR 2025 and IMDG 41-22 updated special provisions for large-energy battery consignments with additional notification requirements. (4) Belgium, as a major transit hub, has strict enforcement at the Port of Antwerp, Port of Zeebrugge, and Brussels Airport — non-compliant dangerous goods consignments are subject to detention and fines. (5) Multimodal shipments (sea + road) require re-documentation at EU port of entry to ADR. (6) Belgian customs (AGDA) checks BESS import documentation against EU customs and dangerous goods rules.[INFORMATIONAL] Informational only. Shipping BESS from China to Belgium requires a full dangerous goods compliance programme: UN 38.3 test summaries, correct UN number classification, UN-certified packaging, mode-specific documentation (ADR/IMDG/IATA), Class 9 labels, SOC management, and appointment of a DGSA for EU road legs. Belgian ports (Antwerp/Zeebrugge) and customs (AGDA) apply strict controls. Chinese exporters must add ADR re-documentation at EU entry ports for multimodal shipments. Engage a certified DGSA and a specialist dangerous goods freight forwarder before first shipment. | Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation (CREG)2026-06-15 · reference |
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SOURCES
Official-source register.
- Bureau for Standardisation (NBN) · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 3 rows
- Elia (Belgian Transmission System Operator) · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 1 rows
- Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation (CREG) · accessed 2026-06-15 · reference · used in 3 rows