Connector Interoperability — GB/T 20234 vs IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2 (Southern Africa Ecosystem) — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

Connector conversion is a hardware and protocol redesign, not a paperwork exercise. Botswana follows the Southern Africa IEC 62196 connector ecosystem; GB/T connectors cannot be plugged into IEC 62196 vehicle inlets. Confirm whether the Botswana deployment requires IEC 62196 Type 2 for AC and CCS2 for DC before quoting, labelling, or shipping.

BPC Grid Connection — 230 V / 50 Hz and BERA / BPC Coordination — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

A Botswana-ready charger package needs BPC grid-connection approval, BERA licensing or notification, and thermal / dust derating evidence for Botswana's climate. China domestic 220 V / 380 V design documentation does not substitute for BPC or BERA approval; voltage and thermal conditions must be individually confirmed.

BOBS Conformity Assessment Scope for EV Chargers — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

Do not claim automatic Botswana market access from China CCC or GB/T reports alone. Verify the BOBS CoC route for the specific product HS code with BOBS directly, and address IEC safety/EMC evidence, English labelling, connector redesign (IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2), BPC grid-connection approval, and BERA operator licensing separately.

Botswana EV Policy Context — National Development Plan and Nascent EV Market — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

Botswana's EV market is early-stage; pioneer exporters who localise to IEC 62196 / IEC 61851 standards and engage proactively with BOBS, BPC, and BERA will be best positioned as demand grows. Treat policy maturity as a market signal, not a conformity shortcut.

OCPP Interoperability and EMC for Botswana EV Charging Deployments — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

OCPP back-office readiness is a prerequisite for networked public chargers in Botswana, even without a national platform; confirm per-project requirements. IEC 61000 series accredited EMC evidence is required — GB domestic EMC reports alone do not satisfy the IEC 61000 standard evidence expectation. Surge immunity testing should reflect Botswana grid conditions.

IEC 61851 Safety Baseline — BOBS / BERA Conformity Framework and High-Ambient / Dust Design Requirements — EV charger (China → Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC))?

Treat GB/T 18487.1-2023 as a design starting point only. Botswana-facing EVSE documentation must include IEC 61851-1 accredited evidence, IEC 61851-23 evidence for DC stations, IP55 or IP65 / IK10 enclosure certificates, UV-resistance data, and thermal derating evidence for Botswana's high-ambient and high-dust conditions.

CROSS-STANDARD public interest · EV charger

China-to-Botswana EV Charger Compliance Gap Matrix

AI-compiled from official public sources — cross-checked by multiple AI models, not human-verified. Informational only; see disclaimer. Public-interest, source-linked comparison of China EV charger documentation against Botswana BOBS / BERA / BPC requirements, IEC 61851 safety and EMC standards, IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2 connector expectations for the Southern Africa IEC ecosystem, BPC grid-connection and BERA licensing requirements, OCPP interoperability, high-ambient and dust design factors, and China GB/T 18487 / GB/T 20234 baselines.

Dataset 2026-06-11 Last verified 2026-06-14 6 rows

Short answer

For China-made EV chargers entering Botswana, the confirmed practical gaps are: connector hardware redesign from GB/T 20234 to IEC 62196 Type 2 (AC) / CCS2 (DC), since Botswana follows the Southern Africa IEC 62196 ecosystem and GB/T connectors are physically incompatible with vehicles deployed in the region; IEC 61851-based safety and EMC evidence required under the BOBS / BERA conformity framework (GB/T 18487 test reports alone are not a substitute without accredited IEC 61851 evidence); thermal derating and dust-ingress protection (IP55 or IP65, IK10) for Botswana's high-ambient (35–40 °C regular, above 40 °C peak), high-dust, high-UV outdoor environment; BPC grid-connection and load-addition approval for all grid-connected installations; BERA licensing or notification depending on installation type and capacity; and OCPP back-office readiness for networked chargers. Botswana's grid is 230 V / 400 V, 50 Hz, close to but not identical to China's 220 V / 380 V baseline — input-voltage range must be confirmed. Botswana's EV market is nascent as of 2026; no published national EV charging rollout programme with binding targets, no BPC-specific EV charging tariff, and no dedicated EVSE national standard were confirmed from official sources at 2026-06-14. A mandatory BOBS CoC route specific to EV chargers could not be confirmed — exporters should verify with BOBS and the local importer before shipment.

GAP MATRIX

Compliance Gap Matrix

Gap matrix
Compliance item	Common China baseline	Botswana (BOBS / BERA / BPC)	Gap / action	Source + verification date
Connector Interoperability — GB/T 20234 vs IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2 (Southern Africa Ecosystem)	China AC chargers use GB/T 20234.2 couplers and DC fast chargers use GB/T 20234.3 couplers. Although the GB/T 20234.2 AC coupler has a similar overall shape to the IEC 62196 Type 2, they differ in connector gender (GB/T uses male connector at the charger and female vehicle inlet, opposite to Type 2), signaling protocol (CC/CP versus PP/CP), and contact arrangement, making them physically and electrically incompatible with IEC 62196 vehicle inlets deployed in Botswana and Southern Africa. GB/T 20234.3 DC couplers are geometrically different from CCS2 and use a nine-pin configuration with CAN bus via GB/T 27930 communication, which is incompatible with the CCS2 / IEC 61851-24 communication stack. A GB/T-only charger physically cannot serve vehicles with IEC 62196 Type 2 or CCS2 inlets — the dominant vehicle standard for right-hand-drive markets in the region.GB/T 20234.2-2015 — Connection set for conductive charging of electric vehicles — Part 2: AC charging coupler GB/T 20234.3-2023 — Connection set for conductive charging of electric vehicles — Part 3: DC charging coupler GB/T 27930-2023 — Communication protocols between off-board conductive charger and battery management system for electric vehicles GB/T 18487.1-2023 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements	Botswana follows the Southern African IEC 62196 connector ecosystem. As a right-hand-drive country aligned with South Africa's electrical infrastructure, Botswana's EV charging deployments use IEC 62196-2 Type 2 (Mennekes) couplers for AC charging and the Combined Charging System Combo 2 (CCS2), defined in IEC 62196-3 configuration FF, for DC fast charging. This alignment mirrors neighbouring South Africa (SANS 62196 series, which adopts IEC 62196) and the broader Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) region, which consistently deploys IEC 62196 connector infrastructure. BOBS (Botswana Bureau of Standards) is the national standards body and adopts IEC standards by reference; no Botswana-specific alternative connector standard has been published. The nascent state of Botswana's EV market means connector specifications for deployed and planned public infrastructure largely follow IEC 62196 as the de facto regional standard. CHAdeMO connectors may appear on some multi-standard units but are not the primary standard for the region.IEC 62196-2 — Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories IEC 62196-3 — Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for DC and AC/DC pin and contact-tube vehicle couplers IEC 61851-1:2017 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements IEC 61851-23:2023 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 23: DC electric vehicle supply equipment SANS 62196 series (South Africa) — adopted IEC 62196, indicative of Southern Africa regional connector alignment BOBS conformity framework — adopts IEC standards by reference	A China GB/T-only charger is not connector-ready for IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2 deployments in Botswana. Conversion requires hardware redesign of the coupler, cable assembly, locking mechanism, proximity pilot and control pilot signaling, DC communication stack (from GB/T 27930 CAN to IEC 61851-24 for CCS2), labels, test reports, temperature-rise evidence adapted to Botswana ambient conditions, and spare-part strategy. Adapters are not an accepted substitute for project-compliant connector design. Exporters must confirm the connector type required by the specific Botswana site owner, operator, or procurement specification before quoting.[INFORMATIONAL] Connector conversion is a hardware and protocol redesign, not a paperwork exercise. Botswana follows the Southern Africa IEC 62196 connector ecosystem; GB/T connectors cannot be plugged into IEC 62196 vehicle inlets. Confirm whether the Botswana deployment requires IEC 62196 Type 2 for AC and CCS2 for DC before quoting, labelling, or shipping.	International Electrotechnical Commission2026-06-14 · unverified
BPC Grid Connection — 230 V / 50 Hz and BERA / BPC Coordination	China domestic charger installations are accepted under GB/T 18487.1-2023 design evidence, GB/T 20234 connectors, GB/T 27930-2023 communication for DC systems, and local grid-operator project acceptance. China domestic supply is 220 V single-phase / 380 V three-phase, 50 Hz. Botswana's 230 V / 400 V supply is close to China's domestic voltage but not identical; input-voltage range, protection ratings, and thermal derating for Botswana ambient temperatures (regularly 35–40 °C, peak above 40 °C) must be confirmed. China domestic climate assumptions (cooler northern regions) do not cover Botswana's sustained high-ambient and high-dust environment.GB/T 18487.1-2023 GB/T 20234.2-2015 GB/T 20234.3-2023 GB/T 27930-2023 China local grid operator project-acceptance requirements	Botswana operates on 230 V single-phase / 400 V three-phase, 50 Hz, supplied by the Botswana Power Corporation (BPC). The Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA) is the statutory electricity regulator responsible for licensing, tariff approval, and grid-connection rules under the Energy Regulation Act. EV charging installations that draw from the BPC grid require a grid-connection agreement and load-addition approval from BPC; commercial and public charging sites additionally require BERA licensing or operator notification depending on installed capacity. Botswana's ambient temperatures regularly reach 35–40 °C outdoors, with dust loadings from Kalahari sand typical for open-air installations; thermal derating and dust ingress protection are practical design requirements. EV charging infrastructure in Botswana is nascent as of 2026; no published BPC-specific EV charging tariff or dedicated EV charging grid code was confirmed from official sources at this date. Power quality and harmonic limits aligned with IEC 61000 series apply under BERA regulatory supervision.Energy Regulation Act — Botswana (BERA licensing and grid-connection authority) BPC grid-connection and load-addition application requirements IEC 61000 series — electromagnetic compatibility and power quality BERA electricity supply regulations	Exporters must confirm: (1) input-voltage range and rated voltage of the charger covers 230 V single-phase / 400 V three-phase at 50 Hz; (2) power electronics and thermal design are derated for Botswana ambient temperatures (35–40 °C typical, above 40 °C peak) and Kalahari dust; (3) a grid-connection and load-addition agreement is obtained from BPC before installation; (4) BERA licensing or notification is completed as required for the installation type and capacity; (5) harmonic and power-quality data are prepared for BPC or BERA review. No BPC-dedicated EV charging technical specification was confirmed at time of writing; exporters should check with BPC and BERA directly for current grid-connection requirements.[INFORMATIONAL] A Botswana-ready charger package needs BPC grid-connection approval, BERA licensing or notification, and thermal / dust derating evidence for Botswana's climate. China domestic 220 V / 380 V design documentation does not substitute for BPC or BERA approval; voltage and thermal conditions must be individually confirmed.	Botswana Power Corporation2026-06-14 · unverified
BOBS Conformity Assessment Scope for EV Chargers	China-market chargers are commonly documented against GB/T 18487.1-2023 for conductive charging system requirements and GB/T 20234 connector standards, with China Compulsory Certification (CCC) applying where the charger falls within CCC scope. China CCC or GB/T test evidence may support engineering review during a BOBS conformity assessment, but it does not by itself establish BOBS CoC status, BERA licensing, or BPC installation approval. IEC-accredited test evidence is expected by BOBS given its IEC-adoption policy.GB/T 18487.1-2023 GB/T 20234.1-2023 GB/T 20234.2-2015 GB/T 20234.3-2023 China CCC (3C) mandatory certification where in scope	The Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS) is the national standards and conformity assessment body for Botswana, operating under the Botswana Bureau of Standards Act. BOBS adopts international standards, predominantly IEC and ISO, by reference. BOBS administers a product certification scheme and may require a Certificate of Conformity (CoC) or product type approval for regulated electrical equipment imported into or sold in Botswana. EV chargers as electrical equipment are expected to fall within BOBS's electrical product conformity scope. However, as of 2026-06-14, a mandatory EVSE-specific CoC route through BOBS or a dedicated EV charger import regulation could not be confirmed from official published sources; exporters should verify directly with BOBS and the Botswana importer the current applicable product category, HS code, and conformity assessment route before shipment. Installation approval from BPC for grid connection and from BERA for operator licensing is separately required.Botswana Bureau of Standards Act (BOBS establishment and authority) BOBS product certification scheme — CoC or type approval for regulated electrical equipment IEC 61851 series and IEC 62196 series — adopted by BOBS by reference BPC grid-connection approval for installation BERA licensing for commercial EV charging operators	Exporters should map the Botswana importer, HS code, charger type and rated voltage, connector type (IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2 required), IEC safety and EMC reports, English labelling, and BPC / BERA installation requirements before asserting that a charger is Botswana-ready. The BOBS CoC route for EV chargers should be confirmed with BOBS or a BOBS-accredited body directly for the specific product and HS code. Given Botswana's nascent EV market, exporter documentation readiness and early engagement with BOBS and BPC are the most reliable route to installation approval.[INFORMATIONAL] Do not claim automatic Botswana market access from China CCC or GB/T reports alone. Verify the BOBS CoC route for the specific product HS code with BOBS directly, and address IEC safety/EMC evidence, English labelling, connector redesign (IEC 62196 Type 2 / CCS2), BPC grid-connection approval, and BERA operator licensing separately.	Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS)2026-06-14 · unverified
Botswana EV Policy Context — National Development Plan and Nascent EV Market	China's national EV infrastructure expansion is governed by the New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021–2035) and related state grid and charging-station standards. China's domestic push does not translate into automatic Botswana market access; Chinese manufacturers must separately satisfy Botswana's BOBS conformity, IEC 62196 connector, BPC grid, and BERA installation requirements. The nascent Botswana EV market means early-mover Chinese exporters who localise to IEC 62196 / IEC 61851 standards may establish a durable presence ahead of more regulated demand.New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan 2021–2035 (China) GB/T 18487.1-2023 China National Development and Reform Commission charging-station requirements	Botswana's EV market is nascent as of 2026. The country's National Development Plan and government sustainability objectives acknowledge the transition to cleaner transport, but a dedicated national EV charging rollout strategy with binding targets comparable to Qatar's EV Strategy 2021 or South Africa's Green Transport Strategy has not been confirmed from official published sources at this date. BPC and BERA are beginning to engage with EV infrastructure, and privately developed charging points (primarily by hospitality, corporate, and retail operators) represent the bulk of deployed infrastructure. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) frameworks may influence future EV policy harmonisation with South Africa and Namibia. High vehicle import duties and a historically petrol-dominant vehicle fleet constrain EV uptake in the short term. Exporters should treat Botswana as an early-stage opportunity market where pioneer installations will set the technical precedent; connector and safety standard choices made now will influence future procurement specifications.Botswana National Development Plan — sustainability and clean transport objectives Southern African Customs Union (SACU) — potential future EV policy alignment Southern African Development Community (SADC) — regional transport and energy frameworks BPC and BERA — emerging engagement with EV infrastructure	Botswana's nascent EV market means technical standards are still being established in practice. Chinese exporters should: (1) monitor BPC and BERA announcements for emerging EV infrastructure policies; (2) engage with Botswana importers and project developers early to understand site-specific connector, grid, and approval requirements; (3) allocate lead time for IEC testing, connector redesign to IEC 62196, BOBS CoC (if required), and BPC / BERA installation approvals; (4) design for Botswana climate from the outset — high ambient, dust, UV — rather than retrofitting. Reliance on China-market specifications without localisation review is the key risk for early-stage Botswana EV charger export.[INFORMATIONAL] Botswana's EV market is early-stage; pioneer exporters who localise to IEC 62196 / IEC 61851 standards and engage proactively with BOBS, BPC, and BERA will be best positioned as demand grows. Treat policy maturity as a market signal, not a conformity shortcut.	Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA)2026-06-14 · unverified
OCPP Interoperability and EMC for Botswana EV Charging Deployments	China DC fast chargers commonly use the GB/T 27930-2023 communication protocol between the off-board charger and the battery management system, which is a CAN bus protocol and is not interoperable with OCPP back-office systems or the CCS2 / IEC 61851-24 communication stack. China AC chargers may implement OCPP-based back-office protocols in some configurations, but the underlying connector and signaling stack still uses CC/CP rather than the PP/CP signaling required for IEC 62196 Type 2. China domestic EMC certification (CNAS-accredited CCC EMC testing to GB/T standards) is not directly equivalent to IEC 61000 series accredited test reports expected for Botswana-market EVSE without a clause-level mapping and ILAC-recognised laboratory evidence.GB/T 27930-2023 — Communication protocols between off-board conductive charger and battery management system GB/T 18487.1-2023 China GB EMC standards (not directly equivalent to IEC 61000 series without cross-mapping)	Botswana does not have a published national EV charging network management platform equivalent to Qatar's Tarsheed or South Africa's dedicated CPO platforms as of 2026-06-14. However, networked public chargers deployed in Botswana are expected to use OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) for back-office communication, consistent with the IEC 62196 / IEC 61851 technology ecosystem followed in Southern Africa. OCPP 1.6 or OCPP 2.0.1 compliance may be specified by project owners, site operators, or private CPOs for commercial installations. EMC requirements for electrical equipment in Botswana follow IEC 61000 series standards as adopted by BOBS. Exported chargers should carry accredited IEC 61000 series EMC test evidence covering conducted emissions, radiated emissions, immunity, and surge/burst/ESD testing appropriate for the product class. EMC performance in Botswana's environment (high ambient, possible generator-supplied installations off-grid or at grid edges) may impose additional surge immunity demands beyond typical urban-grid profiles.OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) 1.6 / 2.0.1 — back-office communication for networked chargers IEC 61000 series — electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): emissions and immunity IEC 63584 — Standard for OCPP adoption in EV charging (international context) BOBS (Botswana Bureau of Standards) — adopts IEC standards including IEC 61000 series by reference	Exporters must confirm: (1) the charger firmware supports OCPP 1.6 or OCPP 2.0.1 as required by the Botswana project owner or CPO; (2) back-office API integration and site testing are completed before network go-live; (3) GB/T 27930 DC communication is replaced with the IEC 61851-24 communication stack for CCS2 DC stations; (4) IEC 61000 series accredited EMC test reports (conducted and radiated emissions, immunity including surge and burst, from an ILAC-recognised laboratory) are available — China domestic GB EMC certification alone is not a sufficient substitute; (5) surge immunity testing reflects Botswana grid edge or generator-supply conditions if applicable. No Botswana national EV charging network management platform exists as of 2026-06-14 — confirm current CPO and BPC / BERA connectivity requirements for the specific project.[INFORMATIONAL] OCPP back-office readiness is a prerequisite for networked public chargers in Botswana, even without a national platform; confirm per-project requirements. IEC 61000 series accredited EMC evidence is required — GB domestic EMC reports alone do not satisfy the IEC 61000 standard evidence expectation. Surge immunity testing should reflect Botswana grid conditions.	Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA)2026-06-14 · unverified
IEC 61851 Safety Baseline — BOBS / BERA Conformity Framework and High-Ambient / Dust Design Requirements	China's comparable baseline is GB/T 18487.1-2023 (Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements, in force April 2024), which corresponds structurally to IEC 61851-1 but incorporates China-specific connector, signaling, and communication requirements. GB/T 18487.1-2023 test evidence is useful as a design starting-point reference but does not substitute for IEC 61851-accredited test reports accepted by BOBS, BERA, or a site owner for Botswana installations. China domestic thermal ratings (commonly tested at 25 °C ambient) do not cover Botswana's sustained high-ambient environment and require separate derating verification.GB/T 18487.1-2023 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements (in force April 2024) GB/T 18487.5-2024 GB/T 27930-2023	The Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS) is the national standards body and adopts IEC standards by reference. IEC 61851-1:2017 is the applicable international baseline for conductive EV supply equipment general requirements, covering control pilot behaviour, protective earthing, isolation monitoring, interlocks, overcurrent and over-temperature protection, and emergency stop provisions. IEC 61851-23:2023 (second edition) is the applicable standard for DC EV charging stations. BERA, as the energy regulator, may require evidence of compliance with applicable IEC standards as part of licensing or installation approval. No separate Botswana-national EVSE safety standard has been published as of 2026-06-14; compliance is expected against IEC 61851 as adopted through BOBS. Botswana's climate imposes specific design constraints: ambient temperatures regularly reaching 35–40 °C (peak above 40 °C), sustained UV exposure, and Kalahari dust ingress make IP55 or IP65 enclosure protection for outdoor units and IK10 mechanical impact rating practical requirements. Thermal derating evidence for Botswana's ambient conditions is a key exporter obligation.IEC 61851-1:2017 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements IEC 61851-23:2023 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 23: DC electric vehicle supply equipment (second edition) IEC 61851-24 — Digital communication between a DC EV charging station and an EV for control of DC charging IEC 60529 — Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) — IP55 or IP65 recommended for outdoor units in Botswana dusty conditions; IK10 mechanical impact BOBS (Botswana Bureau of Standards) — national standards body adopting IEC standards by reference BERA (Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority) — licensing and installation approval authority	Exporters should prepare: (1) an IEC 61851-1 clause matrix and accredited IEC safety test reports from an ILAC-recognised laboratory; (2) IEC 61851-23 evidence for DC stations; (3) IP55 or IP65 (outdoor AC / DC) and IK10 test certificates — standard IP54 ratings from China domestic test may be insufficient for Botswana dust exposure; (4) thermal derating evidence for Botswana ambient temperatures (35–40 °C regular, above 40 °C peak); (5) UV-resistance documentation for enclosure materials; (6) installation instructions aligned with BERA and BPC requirements. A standalone GB/T 18487 test report is not accepted as IEC 61851 compliance evidence without a clause-level gap assessment.[INFORMATIONAL] Treat GB/T 18487.1-2023 as a design starting point only. Botswana-facing EVSE documentation must include IEC 61851-1 accredited evidence, IEC 61851-23 evidence for DC stations, IP55 or IP65 / IK10 enclosure certificates, UV-resistance data, and thermal derating evidence for Botswana's high-ambient and high-dust conditions.	Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS)2026-06-14 · unverified

INFORMATIONAL ONLY

Informational only / not a certification conclusion

AI-compiled, not human-verified. This comparison is generated and cross-checked by multiple AI models from public official sources; it has not been reviewed by a named human expert and may contain errors or out-of-date items. Confirm every requirement directly with the official regulator or standards body and a qualified professional before relying on it. Nothing here is legal, certification, customs, or market-access advice.

This page is an informational comparison aid, not a certification decision, legal opinion, BOBS scope determination, BERA licensing approval, BPC grid-connection approval, electrical-installation design, customs determination, or market-access approval. Exporters, importers, network operators, and installers should verify current Botswana conformity assessment rules, BPC grid-connection requirements, BERA licensing obligations, IEC standard editions, and installation rules with qualified professionals before shipment or installation.

E-E-A-T

Named editorial review

Pending named reviewer

Official regulator, standards body, notified body, customs, or primary legal source preferred. Local PDFs are not accepted.

Editorial controls

Rows must include publisher, official URL, access date, verification flag, and last_verified before human_reviewed can be true.

SOURCES

Official-source register.

International Electrotechnical Commission · accessed 2026-06-14 · unverified · used in 1 rows
Botswana Power Corporation · accessed 2026-06-14 · unverified · used in 1 rows
Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS) · accessed 2026-06-14 · unverified · used in 2 rows
Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA) · accessed 2026-06-14 · unverified · used in 2 rows